Drinking Water Tested for Forever Chemicals in Response to Community Concerns

In response to community concerns about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination, researchers and community engagement professionals from the NIEHS Superfund Research Program at North Carolina State University (NC State) worked with nonprofit organizations in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin to test drinking water samples for PFAS. PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals that are discharged into air and water during industrial manufacturing processes. PFAS linger in the environment and do not break down over time, earning them the name “forever chemicals.” North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin is home to a variety of industries that have contributed to PFAS levels in ground and surface water over the years.

A May 2024 paper describes the process the researchers used for sample collection, analysis, and data dissemination.

two people kayaking on a river

Many rivers are a source of drinking water and used for recreation. If contaminated with PFAS, both river uses can be a route of exposure. (Photo courtesy of Wijs (Wise) of Pexels)

Engaging Community Members to Collect Water Samples

PFAS exposure has been linked to adverse health effects including developmental delays in children, increased cholesterol levels, decreased fertility, and increased risk of some cancers. Previous research has found elevated levels of PFAS in blood samples from residents throughout the entire Cape Fear River basin. There is ongoing awareness of and concern about PFAS among North Carolina residents who get drinking water from the river or access it for recreational activities.

"The partnership with NCSU through this sampling has provided essential information to our impacted community members about the safety of their drinking water,” stated Emily Sutton, the Haw Riverkeeper with the Haw River Assembly, a community partner on this study. “Unfortunately, the Haw and Cape Fear watersheds are still plagued with contamination from industrial polluters of these toxic PFAS chemicals and the access to additional resources for sampling has allowed our organizations to give support to these families and hold the polluters accountable."

The NC State Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS worked with three environmental nonprofits that serve residents throughout the Cape Fear River basin. Researchers provided each group with a sampling protocol and collection materials, and each organization identified and collected samples in their area. Together, the groups collected samples near Pittsboro, Fayetteville, and Wilmington, representing the upper, middle, and lower areas of the river basin, respectively.

The groups collected 45 water samples. About half the drinking water samples were from municipal water, with the rest from wells. Three samples were from recreational water. Many of the water sources had not previously been tested for PFAS.

PFAS Traced to Local Industries

Due to the proximity and known PFAS emissions by local industries, community members expressed concern about a particular subset of PFAS. The research team, therefore, aimed to test the samples for these specific chemicals. Additionally, the team wanted to know whether other PFAS were present and conducted an untargeted analysis for a variety of PFAS types.

Lacey Brown and student in a lab

Lacey Brown, a co-researcher on the project, works with an undergraduate student in the lab to extract PFAS from water samples. (Photo courtesy of Rebecca Weed)

Results indicated that almost half the samples had PFAS levels over the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) maximum contaminant level of 4 nanograms per Liter (ng/L) which the EPA has established to protect from excess exposure that may harmful to human health. Nineteen samples tested over the limit for one common type of PFAS, while 21 samples tested over the limit for another common type. Further, the three recreational water samples had an average PFAS level of 49.37 ng/L. PFAS types were distributed uniquely across the three regions of the river, indicating that while each community faces elevated PFAS exposures, the type of PFAS varies by local sources of contamination.

The untargeted analysis found nine less common types of PFAS. Most of these have been developed more recently than more commonly reported legacy PFAS types and can be traced to products such as nonstick coatings, herbicides, pesticides, and components of lithium-ion batteries.

“In addition to providing quantitative results of commonly surveyed PFAS, we were proud to be able to capitalize on our cutting-edge mass spectrometry platforms at our center’s core facility to provide a non-targeted PFAS analysis,” added Weed. “This is an important and growing area of PFAS research as we endeavor to fully understand the extent and breadth of PFAS contamination in our local communities.”

The community engagement core and research translation team met with researchers and community partners to summarize and visualize the data, and each organization disseminated results to residents. The results ultimately helped empower residents to reduce their PFAS exposure by identifying drinking water sources with elevated levels of PFAS. With similar data from a growing body of work documenting PFAS in the Cape Fear River, community members have been advocating for large scale remediation and exposure protection. This study adds to these efforts.

Considerations for Fish Consumption Advisories for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

NIEHS-funded researchers, who also received other federal funding, published in May a review of considerations and challenges in issuing fish consumption advisories for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). While existing fish consumption guidance addresses commonly detected compounds such as mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls, national guidance does not address PFAS. Therefore, some states have developed their own PFAS-related guidelines, but there is wide variability. To address this public health challenge , the authors discuss the knowledge gaps and needs related to issuing PFAS-related fish consumption advisories. Specifically, the review discusses PFAS mixtures; exposure factors and vulnerable populations; analytical and environmental challenges when measuring PFAS in fish, such as seasonal variation of PFAS concentrations; and considerations for risk communication and risk management, such as balancing caution about risks of contaminants in fish while promoting certain fish as part of a balanced diet. The authors also discuss how the EPA’s PFAS Action Plan and list of PFAS to be monitored in fish may inform fish tissue monitoring and reduce variability in PFAS-related fish consumption advisories.

New Resources for Communities’ Heat Planning Efforts

The National Integrated Heat Health Information System, a federal collaboration designed to improve capacity, communication, and decision-making to reduce heat-related illness and death, released two resources in June to support communities and local leaders with heat planning efforts. The Introduction to Heat Tabletop Planning and Coordination is a guide for communities to develop and host tabletop exercises. Tabletop exercises are collaborative planning tools that simulate emergency scenarios, with a facilitator guiding participants as they explore their preparedness and response strategies. Such exercises can also help communities identify and remedy gaps. The Maturity Model for Heat Governance is an evolving document that presents a structural framework communities and governments can use to evaluate their strengths, weaknesses, and capabilities in addressing heat-related issues. Communities can also use the model to develop engagement activities to help inform future prioritization and investments.

The National Integrated Heat Health Information System also released a National Heat Strategy for 2024-2030 in August, with the goal of promoting coordination related to heat planning and response. The strategy was developed with several federal departments and agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIH, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, that recognize the effects of heat on the health of people, animals, and ecosystems, and its related social and economic consequences. Principles such as being proactive, considering whole systems, being equitable, just, and people-centered, in conjunction with the National Climate Resilience Framework, will guide the plan’s implementation.

Biden Administration Releases Environmental Justice Science, Data, and Research Plan

The White House released a government-wide Environmental Justice Science, Data, and Research Plan to support advancing environmental justice. The report has suggestions for federal agencies to identify and address issues related to environmental justice, with four key recommendations:

  • Enhancing public involvement and engagement, which encourages federal agencies to identify ways for the public to provide input across all stages of science, data, and research activities.
  • Fortifying just treatment, equitable access, and protection from environmental injustice, suggesting agencies should more fully integrate social determinants of health, qualitative methods, cumulative impacts, and other considerations into activities that inform decisions related to advancing environmental justice.
  • Strengthening partnerships with non-federal agencies by considering their unique missions, resource requirements, and governance structures when engaging with them.
  • Institutionalizing environmental justice by engaging in activities such as addressing implicit bias, expanding staff training to include community engagement strategies, and building multidisciplinary teams.

The Environmental Justice Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council prepared the report, which was released in July and reflects information and feedback from public comments, listening sessions, literature reviews, federal advisory committee recommendations, and other sources.

NIH Accepting Applications for Environmental Justice Scholar Program

The NIH Environmental Justice Working Group is accepting applications for its inaugural 2024-2025 Environmental Justice Scholar Program. Mid-career researchers, senior researchers, and community leaders interested in supporting NIH in its environmental justice efforts are invited to apply to the program. Scholars will work with NIH staff and share knowledge and skills to inform NIH’s environmental justice efforts. Scholars are expected to devote 25% of their time for up to 10 months, in a virtual or hybrid setting, and will receive a stipend. Applications are due October 11, 2024. Interested applicants are encouraged to attend an informational webinar on September 13, 2024, at 11:00 a.m. ET. Email [email protected] for more information, or see the Environmental Justice Scholars Program website.

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Menopause and the Environment

Although menopause affects half of the world’s population, there are still gaps in our understanding of how this major life event shapes women’s health. There are also gaps in understanding how environmental exposures may affect menopause and the transition to menopause. In the latest PEPH podcast, Jodi Flaws, Ph.D., discusses her NIEHS-funded research examining how exposure to chemicals called phthalates may affect women’s reproductive aging. She also discusses gaps in what we know about menopause, and how research can inform clinical care to help women manage and treat their symptoms during the transition to menopause.

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Kim Cecil, Ph.D., Patrick Ryan, Ph.D., and Kimberly Yolton, Ph.D.
PEPH Grantee Highlight

Kim Cecil, Ph.D., Patrick Ryan, Ph.D., and Kimberly Yolton, Ph.D.

The NIEHS-funded Cincinnati Combined Childhood Cohorts (C4) Study examines the effects of air pollution on children’s neurobehavioral development through data collected from infancy to early adulthood among two cohorts of children. The separate cohorts merged to become the C4 study and brought together the researchers behind both original cohorts. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital researchers Kim Cecil, Ph.D., Patrick Ryan, Ph.D., and Kimberly Yolton, Ph.D., have found evidence linking air pollution to asthma and connecting lead exposures to cognitive health. Their collaboration creates new opportunities for research as each team member provides their unique expertise.

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Funding Opportunites

Application Due Date Sep 05 2024
PHS 2024-2 Omnibus Solicitation of the NIH, CDC, and FDA for Small Business Innovation Research Grant Applications (Parent SBIR [R43/R44] Clinical Trial Not Allowed)

Invites eligible United States small business concerns to submit Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I, Phase II, Direct to Phase II (NIH Only), Fast-Track (NIH only), and Phase IIB (NIH only) grant applications. The SBIR/STTR Program Descriptions and Research Topics for NIH, CDC, and FDA represent scientific program areas that may be of interest to applicant small businesses in the development of projects that have potential for commercialization. SBIR applications that propose clinical trial(s) should be submitted to PA-24-246. Small business applicants interested in submitting an STTR grant application should submit to PA-24-247 or PAR-24-248.

Deadlines: September 5, 2024; January 5, 2025; April 5, 2025

Application Due Date Sep 05 2024
Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Innovative Technologies for Research on Climate Change and Human Health

This NOSI encourages grant applications from small business concerns to develop commercializable tools, resources, and approaches to capture the effects of climate change and the associated impacts of extreme weather events on human health, and to support adaptation or mitigation strategies to minimize health hazards and impacts from climate change. Technologies may include new approaches for detecting climate change-associated exposures, including temperature and air quality, training tools on climate change and mitigation strategies for patients with underlying health conditions, intervention approaches for reducing contaminants in water or in indoor air, modeling and prediction tools for climate change-related weather events and related health effects, and technologies for delivery of health care, including mental health services to communities during extreme weather events. This NOSI supports NIEHS’ Climate Change and Health Initiative. Applications are to be submitted through the SBIR (PA-24-245 or PA-24-246) or STTR (PA-24-247 or PAR-24-248) solicitations.

Deadlines: September 5, 2024; January 5, 2025; April 5, 2025

Application Due Date Sep 27 2024
Support for Research Excellence (SuRE) Award (R16 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)

Supports research capacity building at institutions that award baccalaureate and/or graduate degrees in biomedical sciences and receive limited NIH Research Project Grant funding. SuRE-supported projects must have student participation in the execution, analysis, and reporting of the research. An applicant institution must demonstrate a commitment to build its research capacity and support for the program director/principal investigator of the award. This funding opportunity requires a Plan for Enhancing Diverse Perspectives (PEDP) as described in NOT-MH-21-310, submitted as Other Project Information as an attachment (see Section IV). Applications submitted to this funding opportunity for consideration by NIEHS must have a research focus on exposure-health-related responses from environmental agents within the mission interest of NIEHS (e.g., industrial chemicals or manufacturing byproducts, metals, pesticides, herbicides, air pollutants and other inhaled toxicants, particulates or fibers, fungal, and bacterial or biologically derived toxins). The Support for Research Excellence – First Independent Research (SuRE-First) Award (R16 - Clinical Trial Not Allowed) is also open. The purpose of this funding opportunity is to support faculty investigators who have not had prior independent external research grants, to furnish students with high-quality undergraduate and/or graduate research experiences and to enhance the institutional scientific research culture.

Deadlines: September 27, 2024; May 28, 2025

Application Due Date Oct 01 2024
Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health (R01 Clinical Trial Optional)

Supports research on interventions to improve health in Native American populations, including:

  • Etiologic research that will directly inform intervention development or adaptations.
  • Research that develops, adapts, or tests interventions for health promotion, prevention, treatment, or recovery.
  • Where a sufficient body of knowledge on intervention efficacy exists, research on dissemination and implementation that develops and tests strategies to overcome barriers to the adoption, integration, scale-up, and sustainability of effective interventions.

The inclusion of Native American investigators serving on the study team or as the program director or principal investigator is strongly encouraged. This funding opportunity is part of the Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health initiative, which also includes Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health (R21 Clinical Trials Optional), and Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health (R34 Clinical Trial Optional). For the R01 and R21 funding mechanisms, NIEHS is interested in applications that focus on the development, adaptation, efficacy, effectiveness, implementation, or sustainability of culturally appropriate interventions to prevent or mitigate the health impacts of environmental exposures that disproportionately impact Native American populations. For the R34 funding mechanism, NIEHS is interested in applications that support the initial development of a culturally appropriate clinical trial or research project in preparation for health promotion or disease prevention interventions addressing the health impacts of environmental exposures that impact Native American populations.

Deadline: October 1, 2024

Application Due Date Oct 05 2024
NOSI: Data Informed, Place-Based Community-Engaged Research to Advance Health Equity

This NOSI is meant to stimulate community-engaged research that leverages geospatial data to probe the influence of geographic factors on disease development and health outcomes. Its goal is to use place-based research to help advance health equity in different communities. Applicants must select the institute or center and associated Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) to use for submission of an application in response to the NOSI. NIEHS is interested in applications that integrate place-based environmental data with other data types and sources (such as human behavior and time-activity patterns, environmental data collected by low-cost sensor networks or wearable technologies, biomonitoring data, and other molecular or clinical outcome data) to improve exposure estimates at both the community and individual level, to advance understanding of the effects of environmental exposures on health outcomes, and to inform prevention and intervention strategies. Applicants may apply through PA-20-185 or PA-20-195.

Deadline: October 5, 2024

Application Due Date Oct 12 2024
Maximizing Opportunities for Scientific and Academic Independent Careers (MOSAIC) Postdoctoral Career Transition Award to Promote Diversity (K99/R00 Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed)

Supports a cohort of early career, independent investigators from diverse backgrounds (for example, individuals from underrepresented groups) conducting research in NIH mission areas. The program has two components: an individual career transition award for postdoctoral scholars (K99/R00) and a research education cooperative agreement (UE5) awarded to organizations to provide these scholars with additional mentoring, networking, and professional development activities to support their transition to and success in independent, tenure-track or equivalent research-intensive faculty careers. This Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) is designed specifically to support candidates proposing research that does not involve leading an independent clinical trial, a clinical trial feasibility study, or an ancillary clinical trial. Candidates seeking support through this NOFO are permitted to propose a research experience in a clinical trial led by a mentor or co-mentor. Candidates proposing a clinical trial or an ancillary clinical trial as lead investigator, should work with their institutions to apply to the companion NOFO PAR-24-226. Candidates proposing to work on basic experimental studies with humans should apply to PAR-24-227.

Deadlines: October 12, 2024; February 12, 2025; June 12, 2025

Application Due Date Oct 12 2024
NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required)

Helps postdoctoral researchers complete needed mentored training and transition to independent tenure-track or equivalent faculty positions. The K99/R00 award is intended to foster the development of an independent research program that will be competitive for subsequent independent funding and that will help advance the mission of NIH. Candidates must have no more than four years of postdoctoral research experience at the time of the initial or the subsequent resubmission or revision application. All applications submitted to this NOFO must propose basic science experimental studies involving humans. Prospective studies with humans conducted with specific applications toward processes or products in mind, including Food and Drug Administration Phase 0 or 1 studies, mechanistic clinical trials (e.g., those that examine the mechanisms by which an intervention works or the processes that account for an intervention's effects on clinical outcome), and safety and efficacy studies should submit under NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 Independent Clinical Trial Required). Observational studies involving humans should submit under NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed).

Deadline: October 12, 2024

Application Due Date Oct 12 2024
Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (Parent K01 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans Required)

Provides support and protected time (3 to 5 years) for an intensive, supervised career development experience in the biomedical, behavioral, or clinical sciences leading to research independence. All applications submitted to this funding opportunity must propose basic science experimental studies involving humans, otherwise referred to in NOT-OD-18-212 as “prospective basic science studies involving human participants,” that fall within the NIH definition of a clinical trial and also meet the definition of basic research. Companion funding opportunities are available for mentored research that is not categorized as a basic experimental study. The Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (Parent K01 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed) supports research that does not involve leading an independent clinical trial, a clinical trial feasibility study, or an ancillary clinical trial, but applicants may propose a research experience in a clinical trial led by a mentor. The Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (Parent K01 - Independent Clinical Trial Required) supports applicants proposing to serve as the lead investigator of an independent clinical trial, a clinical trial feasibility study, or a separate ancillary study to an existing trial.

Deadline: October 12, 2024

Application Due Date Oct 25 2024
Academic Research Enhancement Award (AREA) for Undergraduate-Focused Institutions (R15 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)

Supports small scale research grants at institutions that do not receive substantial funding from NIH, with an emphasis on providing biomedical research experiences primarily for undergraduate students and enhancing the research environment at applicant institutions. The research project must involve undergraduate students, and the research team must be composed primarily of undergraduate students. Student involvement in research may include participating in the design of experiments and controls, collecting and analyzing data, performing and troubleshooting experiments, presenting at meetings, drafting journal articles, participating in lab meetings to discuss results and future experiments, and other activities. NIEHS requires that applications submitted to this funding opportunity have a research focus on exposure-health-related responses from environmental agents within the mission interest of NIEHS (e.g., industrial chemicals or manufacturing byproducts, metals, pesticides, herbicides, air pollutants and other inhaled toxicants, particulates or fibers, fungal, and bacterial or biologically derived toxins).

Deadline: October 25, 2024

Application Due Date Nov 01 2024
Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for Environmental Health Disparities Centers (P50)

The National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities in partnership with NIEHS and the National Cancer Institute plans to publish the Environmental Health Disparities (EHD) Centers funding opportunity in summer 2024. EHD Centers will conduct environmental health disparities and environmental justice research, engage in research capacity building, and provide training across diverse disciplines and backgrounds with a disease agnostic focus. The Centers program will be updated to align with recent executive order (EO 14096) focused on environmental justice. For this renewal the program will focus on the prevention and mitigation of adverse environmental exposures that disproportionately impact racial, ethnic, under resourced and underserved populations. Projects must focus on one or more NIH-designated health disparities populations within the U.S. and its territories, specifically racial and ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and with the intersection of persons with disabilities, sexual and gender minorities, and persons from rural and/or under resourced areas.

Anticipated Deadline: November 1, 2024

Application Due Date Nov 01 2024
Revolutionizing Innovative, Visionary Environmental Health Research (RIVER) (R35 Clinical Trial Optional)

Supports investigators who demonstrate the potential to conduct outstanding, innovative, and transformative research and articulate a clear and compelling vision for revolutionary research to advance the environmental health sciences. Key features and benefits of the program fall into two large categories: (1) freedom from traditional focused specific aims and a structured research plan which will enable investigators to pursue new directions in their research as they arise throughout the funding period, and (2) the ability to devote increased effort to research, mentoring, and scientific service due to reduced time spent writing and managing multiple grant applications and awards. These features are intended to facilitate ambitious, creative research strategies by providing a flexible and stable funding environment within a given scientific domain with broadly stated 'goals,' rather than specific aims, and by integrating emerging techniques that might be employed to address them, rather than providing specific experimental details.

Deadline: November 1, 2024

Application Due Date Nov 04 2024
NOSI: Promoting Data Reuse for Health Research

Promotes data reuse and secondary data analysis to drive advancements in biomedical, behavioral, clinical, or health-related research. For this NOSI, applications must:

  • Focus on advancing scientific inquiry and addressing pivotal health research questions via data reuse or secondary data analysis.
  • Include data from at least one publicly accessible, NIH-funded data repository or knowledgebase.
  • Describe how results and best practices for data reuse are to be shared with NIH and the broader community.

Deadline: November 4, 2024

Application Due Date Nov 21 2024
Environmental and Climate Justice Community Change Grants Program

EPA is accepting applications for its Environmental and Climate Justice Community Change Grants program. The program provides Inflation Reduction Act funds in environmental and climate justice activities to benefit disadvantaged communities through projects that reduce pollution, increase community climate resilience, and build community capacity to address environmental and climate justice challenges. These place-based investments will be focused on community-driven initiatives to be responsive to community and stakeholder input. The entities eligible to apply under this opportunity are:

  • A partnership between two community-based nonprofit organizations.
  • A partnership between a community-based nonprofit organization and one of the following:
    • A federally recognized tribe.
    • A local government.
    • An institution of higher education.

Other organizations and entities may be able to participate and be involved in the Community Change Grants projects as collaborating subrecipients and/or procurement contractors selected in compliance with competition requirements. EPA is accepting applications on a rolling basis; therefore, interested applicants are encouraged to apply early. To apply for this opportunity, see the announcement on Grants.gov.

Deadline: November 21, 2024

Application Due Date Dec 12 2024
NIH Support for Conferences and Scientific Meetings (Parent R13 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)

Supports high-quality scientific conferences that are relevant to NIH's mission and to public health. A conference is defined as a symposium, seminar, workshop, or any other organized and formal meeting, whether conducted face-to-face or via the internet, where individuals meet for the primary purpose of exchanging technical information and views or exploring or clarifying a defined subject, problem, or area of knowledge, whether or not a published report results from such meeting. NIH encourages conference grant applicants to enhance diversity by increasing the participation of individuals from diverse backgrounds, including those from underrepresented groups, in the planning, implementation, and participation in the proposed conference. Eligible organizations include higher education institutions, nonprofits, for-profit organizations, local government (including Indian/Native American Tribal Governments), federal government, and other organizations such as faith-based or community-based organizations.

Deadline: December 12, 2024

Visit the Funding Opportunity Announcements Page

Upcoming PEPH-related Events

Sep 13 2024

Environmental Justice Scholars Program Informational Webinar (webinar). The NIH Environmental Justice Working Group will host an informational webinar for those interested in applying for the inaugural 2024-2025 Environmental Justice Scholars Program. Registration for the webinar will open soon.

Oct 20 - 24 2024

International Society of Exposure Science Annual Meeting: Exposures that Impact Health in Vulnerable Populations (Montreal, Québec). Participants will hear about research in exposure science, epidemiology, toxicology, and risk assessments. The meeting will bring together participants from academia, government, and nonprofit organizations. Registration for the annual meeting is available.

Oct 27 - 30 2024

American Public Health Association (APHA) 2024 Annual Meeting and Expo (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The theme of the annual APHA meeting is Building Trust in Public Health and Science. The meeting will include a session on report-back as well as poster sessions and opportunities for networking. Registration for the APHA meeting and expo is open.

May 27 - 30 2025

Association for Advancing Participatory Sciences: 2025 Conference for Advancing Participatory Sciences (Portland, Oregon). The 2025 Conference for Advancing the Participatory Sciences will feature workshops, collaborative discussions, networking events, and symposia to promote the participatory sciences. The conference brings together researchers, facilitators, and community leaders. The call for symposia and call for workshops are open until September 20, 2024. Registration for the conference will open in early 2025.

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