Health Outcomes

• Mortality

Health Outcome List:

• Not available

Environmental Agents

List of Environmental Agents:

• Not available

Source of Environmental Agents:

• Neighborhood environments and built environment

Economic Evaluation / Methods and Source

Type:

• Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Cost Measures:

• Education, income, neighborhood components

Potential Cost Measures:

• Not available

Benefits Measures:

• Reduced mortality

Potential Benefits Measures:

• Age, sex, race, marital status, body mass index, smoking status, disability, coronary heart disease, diabetes, other health outcomes
• physical environmental measures like the PM2.5 concentrations, activity spaces using GPS
• specific types of facilities/establishments

Location:

• North Carolina, California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, United States

Models Used:

• Cox proportional hazards models

Models References:

• Not available

Methods Used:

• The authors — 1) used a Cox model to evaluate the association of neighborhood components with 5-year mortality; and 2) used 2-sample t-test to compare continuous variables and chi-squared test to compare categorical variables; heatmap to inspect the correlation matrix of all included neighborhood environmental variables; principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the 48 neighborhood environmental variables into a smaller set of principal components.

Sources Used:

• Cardiovascular Health Study; National Establishment Time Series (NETS) Database; Longitudinal Tract Database; Additional sources cited in the publication.

Economic Citation / Fundings

Citation:

• Zhang K, Lovasi GS, Odden MC, Michael YL, Newman AB, Arnold AM, Kim DH, Wu C. Association of Retail Environment and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status with Mortality among Community-dwelling Older Adults in the US: Cardiovascular Health Study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2021.
• Pubmed
• DOI

NIEHS Funding:

• Not available

Other Funding:

• R01AG049970