National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

A Look Back at the First Year of the NIEHS–WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health Sciences

By John Balbus

February 2015 marks the first year anniversary of the official launch of the NIEHS–WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health Sciences. This anniversary offers an opportunity to look back on the Collaborating Centre’s first year and the substantial progress it has made in fostering rigorous science and raising awareness of global environmental health issues in key venues around the world.

The NIEHS Collaborating Centre has six topical focus areas: children’s environmental health, climate change, cookstoves and household air pollution, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), electronic waste (e-waste), and chemical risk assessment. The Centre’s goal of building capacity for environmental health in low- and middle-income countries cuts across all of these topical areas.

Since the launch event, the NIEHS Collaborating Centre has organized a network of fellow collaborating centers that share a special interest in children’s environmental health. Under the leadership of NIEHS, members met in person and by phone to organize an information-sharing network. Future plans include incorporating additional international organizations working on children’s environmental health and other NIEHS-funded Children’s Environmental Health Centers. NIEHS supported a meeting on children’s environmental health in Uruguay that is summarized in a recent Environmental Health Perspectives article.

The highlight of the past year for the climate change focus area was the very first global summit on climate change and human health hosted by WHO. NIEHS helped plan the meeting and was represented among the panel speakers and participants. This coming year will feature the posting of an online climate change and health literature database, support for a training workshop on climate change and health in Delhi, India, publication of a portfolio analysis of global climate change and health literature, and support for a conference on climate change and health among the WHO Collaborating Centres in the Americas.

NIEHS activities on cookstoves and household air pollution include substantial extramural grant funding, toxicological analyses of cookstove emissions, and international collaboration through the Trans-NIH Cookstove Workgroup. Within the Collaborating Centre, planning is underway for a June workshop in Honduras that will assist the countries of the Americas in implementing recent WHO guidelines on indoor air quality.

NIEHS and WHO share a strong interest in raising awareness of the importance of early-life exposures in later-life diseases and the translation of that knowledge into effective public health interventions. In October, the NIEHS Collaborating Centre provided support for the Prenatal Prevention and Toxicology meeting (PPTOXIV) that featured sessions on translating science and on developing a global network focused on the importance of environmental exposures and DOHaD. The Collaborating Centre also convened DOHaD experts from around the world after the PPTOX meeting to explore international collaboration. A series of articles calling for an integrated approach to disease prevention that begins prenatally and in early life – including a focus on exposure to environmental chemicals, psychological stressors, and nutritional factors – has begun to appear in published literature, with more slated to appear this year.

The Collaborating Centre’s work on e-waste has focused on raising awareness within the public health and health policy communities about the importance of e-waste exposures for children. Highlights of the past year include completion of a report from an NIEHS-supported meeting held in September 2013. NIEHS will support another conference on engineering interventions for e-waste exposures at the upcoming meeting of the Pacific Basin Consortium for Environment and Health in Depok, Indonesia, and publication of a report titled “E-waste and Harm to Children’s Health: A Growing Global Problem” from the 2013 meeting.

In October, the first meeting of the WHO Chemical Risk Assessment Network was certainly a highlight of the year for NIEHS-supported network activities. The network seeks to build capacity for high-quality risk assessment around the world through partnership and information sharing. NIEHS is contributing by developing a newsletter and communication strategy.

Partnering and building capacity with environmental health colleagues around the world is critical to achieving the NIEHS vision of global leadership in reducing the burden of environmental diseases. The NIEHS–WHO Collaborating Centre has made great progress in establishing partnerships and setting the stage for strong global collaboration on a variety of issues. I’m excited for the work we’ve laid out for the Centre this year and look forward to reporting back next year about our further progress.

Scientists Expose Health Consequences of Environmental Contaminants on Mothers and Children in the Faroe Islands

By Paula T. Whitacre

For more than three decades, the Children’s Health and Environment in the Faroes (CHEF) Project has boosted understanding about the effects of environmental contaminants — particularly methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pfas — per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances — on human health. This research, supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), has demonstrated how these contaminants affect fetal and child development by studying pregnant women who consume seafood containing the contaminants. CHEF has also shown that research-based public health interventions can reduce the negative consequences of such exposures.

CHEF, led by Philippe Grandjean, M.D., D.M.Sc., and Pál Weihe, M.D., has focused on the Faroe Islands, a cluster of self-governing islands within the Kingdom of Denmark that is located between Norway and Iceland. Yet, the findings extend beyond the islands and their population of about 50,000. CHEF research has revealed that people are far more vulnerable to contaminants than previously thought and experience adverse outcomes related to neurobehavioral, cardiovascular, endocrine, and immunological functions.

NIEHS has been an early and consistent supporter of the research, from a grant to study the neurobehavioral effects of intrauterine mercury exposure in the 1990s to current funding that also looks at effects on adults (at the end of this article, see the list of NIEHS Support of CHEF Research in the Faroe Islands from 1992 to 2018).

CHEF Findings

The Faroe Islands provide a unique research opportunity  because of their ethnic homogeneity, egalitarian society, well-characterized population, and the dietary habits of the communities, according to Grandjean. Weihe also noted, “There is a lot of stability in the society, which is very important when looking for tiny signals like chemical exposures.”

The Faroese diet includes meat and blubber from long-finned pilot whales, a nonendangered species of the mammal. The initial research showed that when pregnant women ate the meat of the pilot whales, the methylmercury in the meat negatively affected their children’s neurodevelopment. This finding challenged the existing view that only high levels of mercury are dangerous and could cause serious disability. “Could there be a graded response? We did not know, but we were inspired to look,” said Grandjean.

Between 1986 and 1987, approximately 1,000 Faroese mother–child pairs became the first of five cohorts in the research project. The scientists collected samples of hair from the mothers and cord blood from the infants at birth. They followed up with the cohort when the children turned 7 years old. Through extensive neuropsychological and neurophysiological examinations, the researchers concluded that mercury was a stronger neurotoxicant at lower exposures than previously thought.

Using these findings, Weihe set out to develop public health interventions to reduce the health impacts. Within a year of publishing the results, he and other health officials coordinated an advisory recommending that women of child-bearing age avoid eating whale meat. He said the recommendation generated opposition, given the central role of pilot whales in Faroese culture.

Pilot Whales and Pollution

The problem with pilot whales, from a health perspective, is that the toothed mammals sit at the top of the marine food chain and are particularly susceptible to contamination. Weihe noted that mercury concentration is 2 micrograms per gram of whale meat (2 parts per million [PPM]) compared with 0.02 PPM in cod, another local staple. “Our message is very specific to whale meat and blubber,” he said. “It would be far more complicated if we were telling people to avoid all seafood and fish.”

Mercury has a half-life of about 45 days. Thus, if a woman stops eating whale meat just before or early in her pregnancy, she will have excreted a good portion of it before the brain of the fetus undergoes significant development.

Women heeded the message. When the scientists compared the umbilical cord blood samples of children in Cohort 1 with those of children in Cohort 5, which was recruited between 2008 and 2010, they found that methylmercury of the Cohort 5 children was reduced by a factor of 5 and PCBs by a factor of 3 to 4. “This is because women followed the public health advice, not because the pollution in the food items — pilot-whale meat and blubber — decreased from Cohort 1 to 5,” Weihe said. In other words, children’s contaminant levels decreased because their mothers followed the research-based advisory.

Beyond the Brain

Since the initial focus on mercury’s effect on the developing brain, CHEF researchers have looked more closely at the impact of mothers’ intake of PCBs and PFCs on other systems, particularly their children’s immune systems. PCBs and PFCs, unlike mercury, have long half-lives: once they enter the human body, they take several years to excrete.

Immunologists suggested looking at response to routine immunizations as measured by antibody concentrations. The results showed that higher PCB exposure resulted in a 15 to 20 percent decline in vaccine effectiveness in children at 11 and 18 months old  (PLOS Medicine, 2006), whereas PFC exposure resulted in a reduction of as much as 50 percent (JAMA, 2012). (Response was less marked at age 5 years, possibly because of other confounding factors in the older children.)

“This is clearly a DOHaD effect,” Grandjean stated, referring to the field known as the developmental origins of health and disease, or the study of how prenatal exposures can affect health later in life.

According to Jerrold Heindel, Ph.D., health science administrator at NIEHS, the CHEF studies strongly supported the developmental origins of diseases hypothesis when it was just gaining momentum. “Their data on developmental exposures to mercury, PCBs, and PFCs have contributed greatly to the acceptance of this new paradigm and also highlighted the sensitivity of the brain to environmental toxicants,” he said.

Research and Action

The researchers working on the CHEF Project have published extensively — more than 100 articles have received more than 5,000 citations, according to Weihe.

In addition to informing other research globally, the project has resulted in action in the Islands and elsewhere. In the Faroe Islands, Weihe and the islands’ chief medical officer issued a second advisory in 2008, this time recommending that the entire population limit their consumption of meat and blubber to once or twice a month and that women who are planning to become pregnant within three months to abstain completely.

Heindel noted the impact of their work. “Importantly, they did not just publish results but also translated them into action resulting in reduced exposures, which are likely to lead to improved health of the Faroese people and be a model for translational studies,” he said. 

CHEF research also contributed to the United Nations Environment Programme’s development of a convention to phase out the use of mercury. More than 125 countries have agreed on the wording of the Minamata Convention, named for the Japanese community where severe mercury poisoning occurred in the 1950s. The convention must gain ratification by 50 countries; the U.S. ratified it in 2013. “This is an important example of international collaboration by research, public health, and pollution control,” said Grandjean.

However, even if pollution stopped completely today, it will take decades before ocean contamination disappears. For this reason, dietary advisories to protect the health of young children remain an important tool," Grandjean said. “We need to translate the research we have carried out in the Faroes and that of other scientists in numerous other countries to protect the next generation’s brains,” he said.